(Please, click to link below) Background Massive emigration from Kyrgyzstan started in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union. At the time, ethnic Russians returning to Russia accounted for most of the outflow, but, within a few years, the search for better job opportunities had prompted many ethnic Kyrgyz to head to Russia and Kazakhstan as well. Fifteen years of labor migration has drawn not only unskilled workers from the country's rural areas, but also members of the intelligentsia and qualified specialists from urban centers. The State Committee on Migration and Employment estimates that roughly 300,000 Kyrgyz citizens now permanently work in Russia and about 80,000 in Kazakhstan, most of them illegally. Other estimates put the number of migrants as high as 700,000, or one-seventh of the country's population. Low salaries and limited job opportunities are the main reasons for this migration trend. Most migrants are from the heavily populated regions of Jalalabat, Osh ...